Respiration DEMO

Explanation A
The trachea is also called as Windpipe.
The trachea or windpipe is a tubular structure lying ventral to the oesophagus and extends to the chest cavity or thorax where it is divided into right and left bronchi. In the wall of trachea there are a series of C shaped cartilage rings which prevent the trachea from collapsing and keep the passage of air open.

Explanation D
The larynx or voice box is a complex cartilaginous structure surrounding the upper end of the trachea. One of the cartilages, the epiglottis has a muscularly controlled, hinge-like action and serves as a lid which automatically covers the opening of the larynx during the act of swallowing so as to prevent the entry of food or liquids into the larynx. The opening of larynx is called glottis and is also lined with mucous membrane. In the glottis the mucous membrane is stretched across into two thin edged fibrous bands called vocal cords, which help in voice production, when vibrated by air.

Explanation D
Air-sac is the functional unit of the lungs. Each air-sac consists of several microscopic single layered structures called alveoli.

Explanation B
One of the cartilages, the epiglottis has a muscularly controlled, hinge-like action and serves as a lid which automatically covers the opening of the larynx during the act of swallowing so as to prevent the entry of food or liquids into the larynx.

Explanation C
When the smaller bronchi attain a diameter of one mm or less, then they are called bronchioles.

Explanation B

Explanation A
Choice A: Larynx also known as the voice box is a complex cartilaginous structure surrounding the upper end of the trachea. The opening of the larynx is called as glottis and is also lined with mucous membrane. 
Choice B: Pharynx is a muscular passage lined with mucous membrane. The air is channelized from the pharynx into the larynx. 
Choice C: Epiglottis is a cartilage having hinge-like action and serves as a lid which automatically covers the opening of the larynx during the act of swallowing. 
Choice D: The opening of the larynx is called as glottis and is also lined with mucous membrane.

Explanation C
The floor of the chest is called diaphragm. Diaphragm is a sheet of skeletal muscles.

Explanation A
Air passage ways consist of nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar ducts which ultimately lead into the alveolar sac. Nasal cavities are lined with mucous membrane of ciliated epithelium. Each nasal cavity is subdivided into three passage ways by the projection of bones from the walls of the internal nose.
The nasal cavity leads into the throat or pharynx by two internal openings.

Explanation A
During inspiration the space inside the chest cavity is increased in two ways. Firstly, the muscles of ribs contract and elevate the ribs upwards and forwards and secondly, the muscles of diaphragm also contract and diaphragm becomes less domelike. This downward movement of diaphragm and outward and upward movement of the ribs causes increase in the chest cavity and reduces pressure. When the pressure from the lungs is removed they expand. With the expansion of the lungs vacuum is created inside the lungs in which the air rushes from the outside due to higher atmospheric pressure. This is called inspiration.

 Explanation B

Explanation A
Choice A: Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. 
Choice B: Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling. 
Choice C: Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. 
Choice D: expiratory reserve volume is the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration

Explanation D
In an adult human being when the lungs are fully inflated the total inside capacity of lungs is about 5 liters. Normally when we are at rest or asleep the exchange is only about half a liter. The volume of air taken inside the lungs and expelled during exercise is about 3.5 liters. In other words, there is a residual volume of 1.5 liters even during exercise which cannot be expelled.

Explanation A
Carbon dioxide is 0.04% in the inspired air while 4% in expired air. It means expired air contains about 100 times more CO₂ as compared to inspired air.

Explanation B
About 70% of CO₂ is carried from tissues to lungs as bicarbonate ions. As CO₂ enters from tissues into capillaries, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which further dissociates to form bicarbonate ions. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme o form carbonic acid, which further dissociates to form bicarbonate ions. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme.

Explanation A
One molecule of muscle hemoglobin (also called as myoglobin) contains one heme group attached to one polypeptide chain. So, it can bind to 1 oxygen molecule.

Explanation B
The percentage of nitrogen is same in case of exhaled and inhaled air i-e 79%. In inhaled air carbon dioxide is 0.04% and 4% in exhaled air. Oxygen is 21% in inhaled air and 16% in exhaled air.

Explanation D
Hemoglobin’s quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement. In most vertebrates, the hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits. Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein heme group.
Haemoglobin in man increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to about 75 time’s.
Quaternary level of protein structure on as shown in the figure below.

Explanation A
Respiration is one of the most important metabolic activities of all organisms. Respiration occurs at two levels, i.e., organismic and cellular level
Organismic respiration is also known as breathing or ventilation. The cellular respiration is directly involved in the production of energy, necessary for all living activities. Cellular respiration is the process by which cell utilizes oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, extracts and conserves the energy from food molecules in biologically useful form, such as, ATP.

Explanation B
Bronchioles are made up of mainly circular smooth muscles. The bronchioles totally lack cartilages.

Explanation: C
In plants, in contrast to animals, no special organ or system is present for gaseous exchange as they exist in higher animals.
Every cell of plant carries out exchange of gases according to its needs. The transport system of plants which includes conducting tissues i.e. xylem and phloem is not involved in the transport of gases in the plants. In most cells of mesophyll which are specialized for photosynthesis, there are present large air spaces. These air spaces are directly involved in gaseous exchange. Stomata are the main sites of exchange of gases in plants. Stomata are largely present in the leaves and in young stem. In older stems, cork tissue is present which is formed of dead cells. The cork tissue has special pores called lenticels which are involved in gaseous exchange. Land plants get their oxygen directly from air which enters through stomata

Explanation D
About 70-85% CO₂ is carried in blood as Bicarbonate.

Explanation B
Hemoglobin is a protein made up of different amino-acids.

Explanation B
Cellular respiration is the process by which cell utilizes oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, extracts and conserves the energy from food molecules in biologically useful form, such as, ATP.

Explanation C

Explanation D
Respiratory system in birds is the most efficient and elaborate. The birds are very active animals  with high metabolic rate, and thus need large amount of oxygen. The respiratory system in the birds is so arranged that there is one way flow of the air through the lungs and the air is renewed after inspiration.

Explanation A
Oxygen + Hemoglobin = Oxyhaemoglobin

Explanation B
Hemoglobin is the respiratory pigment in humans.

Explanation A

Explanation: B
RESPIRATION IN COCKROACH
Cockroach has specialized organs for respiration. The respiratory system of the cockroach is very specialized. It consists of branching systems of air tubules called tracheae lined by chitin.

Explanation A
Myoglobin is present in muscle fiber and can store oxygen.

Explanation: B
In the lungs of birds, tiny thin walled ducts called parabronchi are present instead of alveoli. These parabronchi are open at both ends and the air; is constantly ventilated. The walls of the parabronchi are chief sites of gaseous exchange.

Explanation B

Explanation B
The gaseous exchange through the skin is known as cutaneous respiration. Gaseous exchange through the lungs is called pulmonary respiration.

Explanation: B
Pharynx is cone-shaped passageway leading from oral and nasal cavity to esophagus and larynx. It is part of both digestive and respiratory system.

Explanation B
Trachea lies below the larynx. Its wall is stiffened by 16 – 20 characteristic horse shoe shaped incomplete rings.

Explanation: D
Special cells of alveolus called alveolar cell secret surfactant. It lowers the surface tension.

Explanation: A
Left lung has smaller volume because it represent only 44% of total lung volume.

Explanation D
Air, while passing through the nasal cavity, become moist warm and filtered of small foreign particles by mucous membrane.

Explanation B       
The pharynx is a muscular passage lined with mucous membrane.

Explanation D
The lungs begin at the bottom of our trachea (the windpipe). The trachea is the tube that carries the air in and out of the lungs. Each lung has a tube called bronchus that connects to trachea. The bronchi branch off into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles. Larynx commonly called “voice box’ is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting trachea against food aspiration.
So, option  is the correct option.

Explanation B
The digestive system includes alimentary canal and associated glands to carry out the digestion of food and release the energy stored in these food substances. The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow atmospheric oxygen from the air to enter the blood and
carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into
the air. The endocrine system includes endocrine glands and maintains the homeostasis of the body through hormonal actions. Nervous system serves in the reception of sensory input followed by their integration in the brain and spinal cord and generation of motor output to produce the response. Thus, the correct answer is .

Explanation B

Explanation A
The respiratory system terminates in the alveoli which are sac-like structures and are enveloped by the capillary network for the exchange of gases. Hence, the correct answer is ‘alveoli’

Explanation B
The structure of the alveoli maximizes their surface area to increase gas diffusion. Alveoli are tiny sacs at the end of bronchioles, they are so tiny yet abundant that help increasing their surface area to volume ratio. Breathing ensures that the oxygen concentration in the alveoli is higher than in the capillaries so oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood. The exchange of gases occurs between the alveoli and blood in the capillaries that supply the Lungs.

Explanation D
The larynx is known as voice box or sound producing organ. A pair of membranous folds called vocal cords, stretch across the laryngeal cavity. In normal condition, the vocal cords lie apart so that the glottis remains widely open to allow free passage of respiratory air. For sound production, vocal cords come close together, the vibrate when air rushes out through glottis and produce voice. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Explanation D
The respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs, while. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians.

Explanation A
Larynx is a cartilaginous box containing nine pieces of cartilages.

Explanation B
The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata that regulates the rate and depth of breathing.

Explanation C
Hemoglobin can bind with maximum 4 oxygen molecules, so for obtaining 50% saturation only 2 molecules of oxygen should be bound to hemoglobin.

Explanation B
In chloride shift, exchange of bicarbonate ions of erythrocytes and chloride ions of plasma is called chloride shift.

Explanation: C
Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Arterial and Venous Blood.
It has been found that arterial blood contains about 50 ml of carbon dioxide per 100 ml of blood whereas venous blood has 54 ml of carbon dioxide per 100 ml of blood. In this way each 100 ml of blood takes up just 4 ml of carbon dioxide as it passes through the tissues and gives of 4 ml of carbon dioxide per 100 ml of blood as it passes through the lungs

Explanation: C

Explanation D
The birds are very active animals with high metabolic rate, Lungs in birds have also developed several extensions known as air sacs which reach all parts of the body and even penetrate some of the bones. In most birds the air sacs are nine in number which become inflated by air at atmospheric pressure when the rib articulations are rotated forward and upward. The inflated air sacs act as bellows and send air into the parabronchi for gaseous exchange.

Explanation C
Oxygen
Inhaled = 21%
Exhaled = 16%
Difference = 5%

Explanation C
Although earthworm is much complex than hydra, yet it does not have any specialized respiratory organs. The exchange of gases occurs mainly through skin. Skin is richly supplied with blood capillaries and is always kept moist by the secretion of epidermal mucous gland cells and also by coelomic fluid exuding out through the dorsal pores. Oxygen dissolved on the wet surface passes through the cuticle and epidermal cells into the blood. In the blood, oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form Oxyhaemoglobin. Oxyhaemoglobin releases up oxygen at the tissue level. In earthworm, blood does not come into direct contact with tissue cells so oxygen must diffuse through the tissue fluids and coelomic fluid.  Carbon dioxide is removed from the tissues by the blood and carried in the plasma to skin, from where it is excreted.

Explanation C

Explanation D
Normally, at rest, we inhale and exhale 15-20 times per minute. During exercise, the breathing rate may rise to 30 times per minute. So, Respiratory rate in human can be in the range of 15 – 30 times per minute.

Explanation D
Breathing is a process in which fresh air containing more oxygen is pumped into the lungs and air with more carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. In other words breathing is a mechanical process consisting of two phases, inspiration and expiration.

Explanation D
There are three important factors which affect the capacity of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen

Carbon dioxide
when carbon dioxide pressure increases, the oxygen tension decreases, the capacity of haemoglobin to hold oxygen becomes less. In this way increased carbon dioxide tension favours the greater liberation of oxygen from the blood to the tissue.

Temperature
Rise in temperature also causes a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, e.g., in the increased muscular activity.

PH
The pH of blood also influences the degree to which oxygen binds to haemoglobin. As the pH of the blood declines, the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin also declines. This occurs because decreased pH results from an increase in hydrogen ions, and the hydrogen ions combine with the protein part of the haemoglobin molecules, causing a decrease in the ability of haemoglobin to bind oxygen. Conversely, an increase in blood pH results in an increased ability of haemoglobin to bind oxygen.

Explanation: B
Male:
→ Large vocal cord
→ Low pitch sound
Female
→ Short vocal cord
→ High pitch sound

Explanation: C
C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings are non-collapsible thus prevents suffocation.

Explanation: C
→ These rings help them to prevent from closing.
→ Trachea has 16-20 incomplete horse shoe shaped ring
→ While bronchioles have complete cartilaginous rings

Explanation: C
Distal end is close to bronchiole, so without cartilage plates.

Explanation: B
• Their walls consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
• Alveoli thickness = 0.1 μm
• Bronchioles thickness = 1 mm
• Trachea thickness = 2–2.5 cm  

Explanation: D
• Trachea consists of incomplete horse shoe shaped cartilaginous rings
• Bronchi has complete cartilaginous rings
• Bronchioles are only passeges that does not contain cartilage. They are ciliated and consists of cuboidal epithelium  

Explanation: B
• Their walls consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
• Alveoli thickness = 0.1 μm
• Bronchioles thickness = 1 mm
• Trachea thickness = 2–2.5 cm  

Explanation: C
Special cells in alveolus walls secrete a detergent like onto the inside lining of the alveolus. It lowers the surface tension of fluid layer lining the alveolus and reduces the amount of effort needed to breath in and inflate the lungs.

Explanation: B
Approximately 97% of O₂ is carried by RBC as oxyhemoglobin, while 03% is transported as dissolved oxygen in the plasma.

Explanation: B
97% is carried by RBC’s as Hb4O₂ form.

Explanation: A
1gm of Hb dissolve 1.34mlO₂
100ml of blood have 15gm of Hb, so
100ml of blood have dissolved O₂ = 15 × 1.34 = 20mlO₂

Explanation: C
100ml of blood have 15gms of Hb.

Explanation: B
Hafner’s constant = 1gm of Hb dissolve 1.34ml of O₂.

Explanation: A
100ml of arterial blood carries 19.4ml of O₂ at 2 = 95mm of Hg and saturation 97% at rest condition. While 100ml of venous blood contains 14.4ml O₂ (75% saturated; 40mm Hg)

Explanation: B
100ml of venous blood carries 14.4ml O₂ at PO₂ is 40mm of Hg and saturation is 75% at rest condition.

Explanation: A
Arterial blood = venous blood
19.4 mlO₂ – 14.4mlO₂ = 5mlO₂

Explanation: A
19.4ml O₂ – 15ml O₂ = 4.4ml O₂

Explanation: A
100ml of arterial blood plasma carries 0.29ml O₂ at 95mm of Hg.

Explanation: B
100ml of venous blood plasma has 0.12ml of dissolved O₂ at 40mm of Hg.

Explanation: A
0.29ml O₂ – 0.12ml O₂ = 0.17ml O₂

Explanation: D
O₂ is liberated from Hb at rest condition at 40mm of Hg while at exercise condition O₂ liberated from Hg at 18mm of Hg.

Explanation: B
Carbonic anhydrase is produced by RBC membrane.

Explanation: D
Quantity of blood is not link with O₂ pressure.

Explanation: C
Hamburger’s phenomenon in related to CO₂ transport.

Explanation: C
Transporting CO₂ as bicarbonate ion is 70%.
Plasma = 7%
Carboxyhemoglobin = 27%

Explanation: B
Transporting CO₂ as bicarbonate ion = 70%

Explanation: B
5000 × (5%) ÷ 100 = 250 → 5L air has 5% O₂ intake.

Explanation: B
Self Explanatory.

Explanation: A
Diffusion

Explanation: A
Male:
→ Large vocal cord
→ Low pitch sound
Female
→ Short vocal cord
→ High pitch sound

Explanation: B
Low

Explanation: D
Pharynx

Explanation: B
Larynx

Explanation: C
Trachea contains 16-20 horse shoe rings which are opened from backward embedded in dense connective tissue

Explanation: D
Air sacs is another term used for alveoli

Explanation: C
Self Explanatory.

Explanation: C
Left Lung → 2 lubes → 44% lung volume
Right lung → 3 lubes → 56% lung volume

Explanation: A
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium while squamous epithelium is present in alveoli

Explanation: C
Special cells in alveolus walls secrete a detergent like onto the inside lining of the alveolus. It lowers the surface tension of fluid layer lining the alveolus and reduces the amount of effort needed to breath in and inflate the lungs.

Explanation: C
Lungs → Pleura
Kidney → Peritonium
Heart → Pericardrium
Brain → Meninges

Explanation: B
7.4

Explanation: D
1g Hb = 1.34ml O₂
50g Hb = 50 × 1.34ml O₂
=67ml

Explanation: C
H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃ → HCO^–₃ + H⁺   

Explanation: B
HHb (haemoglobin acid)

Explanation: A
CO₂ transport plasma = 7%
Carboxyhemoglobin = 23%
Bicarbonate ions = 70%

Explanation: A
CO₂ transport plasma = 7%
Carboxyhemoglobin = 23%
Bicarbonate ions = 70%

Explanation: B
Lack of oxygen

Explanation: C
H₂CO₃  →  HCO₃^– + H⁺

Explanation:  C
Chloride shift

Explanation: C
Mollusk: Hemocyanin
Marine Animals: Haemoerythrin
Annelids: chlorocruorin

Explanation: B
Oxygenated:
Hemocyanin = Blue
Chlorocruorin = Green
Haemoerythrin = Violet or Pink

Explanation: B
Oxygenated:
Hemocyanin = Blue
Chlorocruorin = Green
Haemoerythrin = Violet or Pink

Explanation: B
At 100% full saturation 100ml/100cc of blood contains 20ml/cc of oxygen

Explanation: D
On deoxygenated:
Hemoglobin = Dark red
Hemocyanin = Colourless
Chlorocruorin = Colourless

Explanation: C
The breathing centre communicates with intercostal muscles by intercostal nerves
The breathing communicates with diaphragm by phrenic nerves  

Explanation: B

Explanation: A

Explanation: B
Carbonic anhydrase require Zn⁺² ions coordinated by three histidine ligand and water and becomes active  

Explanation: D
Hemocyanin carry only one O₂ molecule

Explanation: D
Mollusk: Hemocyanin
Marine Animals: Haemoerythrin
Annelids: chlorocruorin

Explanation: C
Mollusk: Hemocyanin
Marine Animals: Haemoerythrin
Annelids: chlorocruorin

Explanation: D
On deoxygenated:
Hemoglobin = Dark red
Hemocyanin = Colourless
Chlorocruorin = Colourless

Explanation: C
Antiporter protein is membrane protein that transports two molecules at the same time in opposite direction.

Explanation: D
Inside the nose, cilia trap substances, underneath there is mucous membrane having blood capillaries that warms the air upto 30^∘C depending on external temperature.

Explanation: B
Inside the nose, cilia trap substances, underneath there is mucous membrane having blood capillaries that warms the air upto 30^∘C depending on external temperature.

Explanation: C

Explanation: C
Male:
→ Large vocal cord
→ Low pitch sound
Female
→ Short vocal cord
→ High pitch sound